The battlefield is becoming more sophisticated, driving the development of advanced technologies both on the battlefield and in military simulation and training. One such technology is unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs), which are taking on an ever-expanding role in military operations, enhancing operational capabilities, increasing safety, and improving efficiency on the battlefield.
The technologies driving UGVs offer new possibilities for both supporting military forces and enhancing training capabilities.
The Distinction Between Robotic, Unmanned, and Autonomous
It’s important to understand the differences between robotic, unmanned, and autonomous systems:
Robotic typically refers to machines that perform tasks manually but under human direction. These systems may be controlled remotely or operate autonomously in certain settings. Home Depot’s automated warehouse robots, which assist with inventory management and item picking, are an example of this.
Unmanned systems do not have human operators physically on board, but human involvement is still required, either remotely or through oversight. For example, remote-controlled, unmanned inspection devices are used in hazardous industrial environments, such as mines or damaged buildings.
Autonomous vehicles or systems can make decisions and perform tasks independently, without direct human intervention. They rely on artificial intelligence (AI), sensors, and algorithms to function in real time. A prime example is self-driving delivery vehicles used by companies to transport goods, where human oversight is minimal or nonexistent.
The Role of Unmanned Ground Vehicles in Military Operations
Unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) are transforming military operations by enhancing efficiency and reducing human risk, especially in hazardous environments. These vehicles can perform a variety of critical functions that aid in both combat and non-combat scenarios.
Core Functions of UGVs
- Reconnaissance and Surveillance: UGVs are equipped with sensors and cameras to conduct real-time surveillance of enemy positions and monitor battlefield conditions.
- Transport of Supplies and Equipment: UGVs can carry heavy loads across dangerous terrain, ensuring that vital resources are delivered without putting human soldiers at risk.
- Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD): UGVs are often used for bomb disposal operations, keeping personnel away from dangerous explosive devices.
- Search and Rescue Operations: In the aftermath of a conflict, UGVs can navigate through hazardous zones to search for and rescue injured personnel.
- Force Protection: UGVs can be deployed to patrol and monitor perimeters, providing an extra layer of security for military bases or assets.
- Casualty Evacuation: UGVs are used to evacuate injured soldiers from dangerous areas, ensuring a swift and safe transport to medical facilities.
- Other Combat Support: UGVs are also integral to various support roles such as logistical coordination and battlefield reconnaissance.
Real-world Military Applications
Tracked Hybrid Modular Infantry System
The THeMIS by Milrem is a multi-role defense platform that demonstrates the versatility of UGVs. Its modular design makes it adaptable for a variety of missions, including transport, surveillance, and even direct combat support. With hybrid propulsion and intelligent AI systems, the THeMIS is a cutting-edge tool for military applications.
Unmanned Robotic Combat Vehicle
The U.S. Army’s Robotic Combat Vehicle (RCV) program is actively testing prototypes. By 2028, the program plans to integrate autonomous vehicles into future combat scenarios. These vehicles will enhance the military's capacity for ground combat by performing roles such as reconnaissance and combat support.
Wildland Fire Response on Military Lands
Although UGVs have been deployed for various military tasks, they are still evolving in specialized fields such as firefighting. With the growing complexity of wildland fire responses on military lands, the need for advanced ground robotics that can handle hazardous conditions is more pressing.
These systems will require collaboration between academia and industry to optimize their performance for wildfire response, improve safety, and support firefighting operations in risky environments.
In February 2025, Tech Grove executed a prize challenge to identify solutions that advance the use of advanced remotely operated equipment, ground-based autonomous vehicles, and other remote-operated technologies (excluding aircraft) for wildfire response in hazardous conditions. For this challenge, the benefits of participating include:
- $85,000 award to the top finalist; $55,000 award to the second finalist; $30,000 to the third finalist
- Exposure to leaders across Team Orlando and other branches of the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) responsible for the development and deployment of training solutions.
- Opportunities to learn from and collaborate with other industry, government, academic leaders, and partners in this space.
- Potential for follow-on opportunities such as Other Transaction Agreements (OTAs), Cooperative Research and Development Agreements (CRADAs), and others.
For information about upcoming prize challenges and other opportunities, join the Tech Grove Innovation Grower’s Alliance.
The Evolution of Autonomous Capabilities in Unmanned Ground Vehicles
Autonomous capabilities in unmanned ground vehicles are rapidly advancing, with systems such as BAE’s ATLAS CCV already integrating autonomous features. However, the evolution of these capabilities requires continued development in several key areas:
Sensor Fusion
To provide a comprehensive understanding of the environment, UGVs must combine data from multiple sensors, including LIDAR for precise 3D mapping, radar for detecting objects in challenging conditions, and cameras for visual recognition. This fusion of data allows UGVs to make informed decisions about their surroundings.
Advanced AI, Machine Learning, and Adaptive Learning
Advanced AI and machine learning, particularly deep learning and reinforcement learning, will be essential for UGVs to navigate complex environments like that seen in urban warfare. These systems must be capable of making real-time decisions in dynamic and unpredictable situations.
To handle edge cases — unusual or rare scenarios — UGVs must be equipped with systems that use experience-based learning to improve performance over time. The more the vehicle is used, the better it becomes at responding to unforeseen challenges.
Dynamic Obstacle Avoidance
UGVs must be equipped to identify and avoid obstacles in real time. This capability is crucial for reconnaissance missions or hazardous area assessments, such as detecting improvised explosive devices (IEDs).
Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM)
SLAM technology allows UGVs to create accurate, real-time 3D maps of their environment while simultaneously determining their position within that space. This is vital for navigation and mission success in unpredictable terrain.
Driving Success Through Military Training Programs
As unmanned ground vehicles become more prevalent in military operations, the need for specialized and innovative training programs grows.
- Military personnel will need training to keep up with evolving UGV technology, including how to operate and deploy systems as well as repair and maintain them.
- Remotely controlled and autonomous vehicles need to be integrated into live, virtual, and constructive environments to prepare personnel for real-world deployment.
- Training for command and control systems must include how to manage unmanned and autonomous vehicles, ensuring they are fully integrated into larger mission strategies.
Can You Drive Success for Our Military Customers?
At Tech Grove, we support innovators who are creating the next generation of military technologies. Our collaborative environment connects small businesses, academia, and government customers, providing a platform for you to showcase your innovation.
If you’re in academia or run a small or large business with a breakthrough idea for unmanned ground vehicles, we want to hear from you. Our team regularly hosts live and virtual events in Orlando and attends events across the country, offering opportunities for connection and collaboration.
Interested in learning more about how Tech Grove supports innovation? View our upcoming events and join the conversation!
